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Jecs

The gospels (from Greek εὐ αγγέλιον meaning well and meaning message Good News ) Are the documents that tell the story of the life, doctrine and miracles of Jesus of Nazareth . The proclamation of the gospel is called evangelization .

There are four canonical Gospels recognized as official by the various Christian denominations. They are known by the name of their supposed authors: Matthew, Mark , Lucas and Juan . Most experts believe that these four Gospels were written in the second half of first century C., approximately 35 (Mark) and 60 (John) years after the probable date of the death of Jesus of Nazareth, although other experts suggest earlier dates.

Other Gospels, known as apocryphal gospels, not recognized by the Christian churches.

Origin of the term

The word is used for the first time in Christian literature Paul of Tarsus in the first Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor 15), written probably in AD 57:

"I remind you, brethren, the gospel which I preached, what you received, and you have persevered."

The gospel is, according to Paul, "that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, was buried and rose again the third day according to the Scriptures, that he appeared to Peter and then to the twelve. Then he appeared to above five hundred brethren at once, of whom the majority are still living, though some have died. Then he appeared to James, and later to all the apostles . And after all he appeared to me like a child born at the wrong they were. "}

In the same sense that word occurs in Matthew (4.23, 9.35) and Marcos (1.15). It may be the Greek translation of an Aramaic phrase used in his preaching of Jesus of Nazareth but there are no conclusive evidence to claim anything about it. In total, the term "gospel" is used 76 times in the New Testament. It is significant that sixty of them take place in Paul's letters, and that there is no mention of the term in the gospels of Luke and John.

has been speculated that the Hellenistic Christian communities adopted the term "gospel" of emperor worship. Priene exists in an inscription, dated at 9 a. C. , it appears that word with a meaning very similar to that later will give the Christians. In any case, the word was frequently used in previous literature in Greek, including the first Bible translation into this language, known as the Septuagint Bible .

canonical Gospels of an impressive number of gospels written in antiquity, only four were accepted by the Church and considered canonical. Set as the four canonical Gospels was a central concern Irenaeus, about the year 185. In his most important work, Adversus Haereses , Irenaeus harshly criticized both the Christian communities that had used only one gospel, Matthew, and those who accepted several of the apocryphal gospels that we consider, as Gnostic sect of Valentinian . Irenaeus said that the four Gospels by the defendant were the four pillars of the Church. "It is not possible to be neither more nor less than four," he said, presenting as logic the analogy with the four cardinal points or the four winds (01/11/1918) To illustrate his point of view, used a image, taken from Ezekiel 1., the throne of God surrounded by four creatures with faces of different animals (man, lion, bull, eagle), which are the origin of symbols of the four evangelists in Christian iconography.

Three of the canonical gospels, Mark, Matthew and Luke together present important similarities. Because of the similarity there are between called synoptic since 1776, the scholar JJ Griesbach's first published a table of three columns ( synopsis ), which could be covered in a single glance, for better highlight their similarities.

Origin of the canonical gospels

The history of development of the Gospels is confusing, there are several theories about its composition. Analysis scholars have focused on what is called the synoptic problem , ie literary relations between the three synoptic gospels, Matthew, Luke and Mark.

theory has received the greatest consensus is the "theory two sources."

Theory of the two sources

The differences and similarities between the Synoptic Gospels have been explained in different ways. One of the most prevalent theories is called "theory of two sources." According to this theory, Mark is the earliest Gospel of the three, and was used as a source for Matthew and Lucas, which may explain the large amount of material common to all three Synoptics. However, between Luke and Matthew have been observed coincidences that do not appear in Mark, have been attributed to a hypothetical source Q (from German Quelle , source) or protoevangelium Q, which basically consists of a series of lodge ("sayings" or "teachings" of Jesus), with no narrative elements. The discovery at Nag Hammadi of Gospel of Thomas, a collection of sayings attributed to Jesus, which helps reinforce the hypothesis of the existence of the source Q.

The existence of Q was defended by theologians Protestant Weisse ( Die Evangelische Geschichte und Kritische philosopisch bearbeitet, 1838), and Holtzmann (Die Synoptischen gospel in , 1863), and further developed by Wernle ( Die Frage synoptische , 1899), Streeter ( The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins, treating of the manuscript tradition, sources, Authorship, & Dates , 1924), who came to posit four sources (Mark, Q, and two others, he called M and L) and J. Schmid ( Matthäus und Lukas , 1930). Although Bornkann Dibelius and could be an oral tradition, it is likely that they were written source, given the often literal match between the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Also considered likely that the Q was protoevangelium written in Aramaic, and subsequently translated into Greek.

Other theories

Other assumptions which ignore the existence of a source Q. Of these, some say the time priority of Matthew and others believe that Mark was the first Gospel. The most prominent are the following:

• The hypothesis proposed by Farrer argues that the Gospel of Mark was written first and was used as a source for Matt. Lucas, a third step would used both as sources.

• Griesbach's hypothesis gives priority to the Gospel of Matthew. Luke would have used as a source, and finally, Mark would have made use of the above two. It was proposed by Johann Jakob Griesbach in 1789.

• Augustinian hypothesis holds that Matthew was the first gospel, followed by Mark and Luke, and that each evangelist used the precedent as the source. This is the theory closer to the approach of the Fathers of the Church, and the most common in the Catholic tradition.
• The hypothesis of the Essenes argues that it was this group who wrote and compiled most of the writings of Jesus' life and began the Gospel of Q.

Gospel according to John

John is without doubt the last of the canonical gospels, dated rather later than in the Synoptics. The hypothesis developed by Rudolf Bultmann (Das Evangelium des Johannes , 1941) postulates that the author of this Gospel was available to a source, oral or written, about the miracles of Christ, independent of the synoptic gospels, which been called Signs Gospel, whose existence is purely hypothetical.

Blame

canonical Gospels are traditionally credited with authorship of the gospels to Matthew, an apostle of Jesus, a disciple of Peter Mark, Luke, Syrian-born doctor disciple of Paul of Tarsus and John apostle of Jesus. However, until today has not been determined yet the real authorship of each Gospel.

modern biblical scholars suggest that perhaps these books, like other New Testament authors are unknown and well-used tradition or previous documents the author who is credited with the book, and the time to write your edition final using a literary custom of antiquity did so under the name of the character whose stories they collected, what is known as pseudografía.

Within the Catholic Church, Vatican II recognized that there is no evidence who were the authors of the Gospels, but from their point of view, which the authors are not those who are traditionally attributed not remove them validity.

dates from the canonical Gospels

There is no agreement about the exact dates they were written. Most experts believe that the canonical Gospels were written in second half of the first century AD C., about half a century after the death of Jesus of Nazareth, but many experts believe they were written before the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem (eg JAT Robinson in his book Redating the New Testament, Garcia and J. Carron JM García Pérez in his work When were the gospels written? , among others)

There is also a minority who proposed that the Gospels were written after the final destruction of Jerusalem during the reign of Hadrian. Raymond E.

Brown, in his book An Introduction to the New Testament considers that the accepted dates are

• Mark: c. 68-73.
• Matthew: c. 70-100 (although some authors do not accept the priority of Mark, put the wording on a date before AD 70).
• Luke: c. 80-100 (a majority of the scholars around the year data 85).
• John: c. 90-110. (Date given by CKBarrett, Brown does not offer a date agreed for the Gospel of John).

These dates are based on the analysis of texts and their relationship with other sources.

regard to the information you provide archeology, the oldest manuscript of the Gospels is called Papyrus P52, containing a large part of the Gospel of John and, according to Papyrologists is of the first half of the century, although there is no consensus on the exact date, having those who delay their dating to the first quarter of the century II who consider it the second quarter.

apocryphal Gospel Apocryphal Gospel

or Extracanonical is the name given to letters that emerged in the early centuries of Christianity around the figure of Jesus of Nazareth and were not accepted by Catholic orthodoxy, among which are the texts of Nag Hammadi. Rationale

were given the name of gospel for their similarity to the four accepted gospels in the canon the New Testament . However, many of them do not have an evangelical style, as they are not used to announce the good news (this is what it means etymologically Gospel).

Some of these writings emerged in Gnostic communities , intended to contain hidden words (Greek apokryphos ). These messages hidden in the words attributed to Jesus were reserved for the initiated in these communities. Although initially termed "apocryphal Gospel "Only to such writings, was later extended to all those who were not included in the New Testament canon, regardless of their purpose, hidden or not. Nowadays the most used meaning to the term apocrypha refers to falsity, for that reason it has also begun to call, extracanonical Gospels.

Rating

Among the 50 described include:

Gnostic Gospels
• Gospel of Philip Gospel
• Thomas Gospel of Mary Magdalene
• Gospel of Judas
• apocryphal Gospel of John
• Valentine Gospel or the Gospel of Truth
• Gospel of the Egyptians

Nativity and Infancy Gospels

• Infancy Gospel of Thomas
• Arabic Gospel of the infancy Gospel
• Armenian children
• Gospel of the Nativity of Mary
Santiago
• Protoevangelium
• pseudo-gospel of Matthew

Passion and Resurrection Gospels

Gospel of Bartholomew Gospel of Nicodemus
• , also called Facts Pilate " (Acta Pilati)
• Gospel of Judas Iscariot

Other

• Secret Gospel of Mark
• Gospel of Peter
• Gospel of Pseudo-Santiago
• Cathar Gospel pseudo-Juan
• Gospel of the Hebrews Gospel
• Ebionites Gospel of Barnabas
• Tatian
• Gospel Gospel of the Nazarenes
• Ammonius Gospel Gospel
• Revenge of Salvador
• Gospel of Pilate's death
• apocryphal Gospel of Galilee

Nag Hammadi manuscripts

• Revelation Paul

The gospel is very important in our lives as Christians and need to understand it perfectly to follow the path of Jesus and reach the kingdom of God, so it is very important to pay attention at the general meetings of the group listen well when reading and when to explain and understand, also not to miss Mass on Sundays because there is also given by the Gospel reading and homily Father is the explanation of the gospel by the priest.


Here you can find information on the Gospels:

Gospel of Mark
GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MATTHEW
Luke
GOSPEL OF JOHN

And here you can find the Gospels for each Sunday

gospel of the day

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What's The Best Kind Of Pants To Grind In

CULTS ... FAMILY

The term comes from the Latin sect 'path', 'method', 'Lifestyle', 'political party', 'school of philosophy' (hence sectátor sectatorios and 'sticky', 'tracker') coming from sequi 'follow'. Concerns have been raised that comes from the Latin secare (cut, split). De secare from the word "insect" and "sector." In both cases there is the idea of \u200b\u200bseparation.

In Europe the word cult is derived primarily designed sequi 'follow'. This is to follow a teacher, a leader. In many sects is so.

also used the euphemism "new religious movements." The problem of terminology is important, since from different areas of thought and science offer different definitions. The expert Vicente Jara has compiled more than 15 definitions before proposing its own: the cult is "a social group that practices predatory mimicry and the lure."

SECTA The English word comes from the Latin sequor which means continue , this in turn comes from the Indo-European root * sek-(track). [Sanskrit: take off, 'he continues'].

Pursuing is the expression of a general feature of social behavior, perhaps related to tribalism , seeking impose or enforce conformity .

religious sects

Although the term "sect" is related to groups having the same affinity, over the years has acquired a connotation connected to radical groups, usually religious. The psychologist who specializes in cults Michael Langone the following statements described in his concept of the sects

The burning cross is a symbol of sectarian groups Ku Klux Klan imitated Catholicism to the point of use priestly garments, developing an elaborate ritual and an equally elaborate hierarchy.

Catacombs of Paris . The early Christians , considered a sect in the time of Ancient Rome , met in unusual places such as catacombs .

Sect is a group or movement exhibiting excessive devotion to a person, idea or thing and employing unethical manipulation techniques to persuade and control (his followers), designed to achieve the goals of the group leader, bringing as actual or potential consequences, the damage to its members, relatives of them or society in general. [...] Because the ability to exploit other human beings is universal, any group can become a sect. However, most organizations institutionalized and socially accepted, are regulatory mechanisms that restrict the development of sectarian factions.

Langone, 1988 : 1

Religious sects are defined as radical religious groups, usually small, but high rate of expansion, comprising men and women associated voluntarily after a religious conversion. Are characterized by highly exclusive groups that are placed against other cultural and religious positions, which develops in a significant loss of identity in its members, creating a kind of inner world where the leaders or have the total control group. The fans groups adhere to concepts closed, rigid and conservative , oblivious to modern plurality and religious tolerance , separate from the spiritual world, voluntarily, and create a faction that advocates and promotes its values \u200b\u200bover others.

In many cases, attract new members preaching easy solutions to the problems of life, immediate outputs personal situations of oppression or bouts of depression, the passport to paradise after death or life lighting.

leaders of such groups usually have a strong and charismatic personality, and induce its members to believe in a true "deeper" than other people or religions, using what is commonly known as washing brain. Achieved gradually and that followers obey dogma blindly, with no room for opinions or personal feelings of freedom of criteria, gradually abandoning its own discernment.

is present and, in some sects, the brainwashing, mind control the the persecution, human exploitation and sexual violence, slavery and various forms of abuse, from the point of view sociological .

Image: Sri Maharishi sleeping.jpg

Sri Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

Although the term "sect" is related to groups having the same affinity, over the years has acquired a connotation connected to radical groups, usually religious. They may or may not, a judicial record in one or more countries for mental manipulation or being destructive cut sets. In some countries, those considered sects shall be accredited or licensed. In general, a sect is more focused on personal worship to the prophet or leader of the group.

Thus, in Europe the word sect is designed primarily derived from the Latin sequi 'follow'. This is to follow a teacher, a leader. In many cults is the case.

According to the exparlamentaria, politics, writer, teacher and columnist Pilar Salarrullana , member of the Commission of the Congress for the study of cults, the real reason to register with Ministry of Justice is the tax advantages it provides and the serious image printing.

Another of the dangers of cults , says the author, are advocating social isolation, religious radicalism and the pursuit of criticism against him.

The sects among them with quite famous people. It is not unusual, for, according to experts at organizations such as Steven Hassan Salarrullana or , claims are important to bring new believers and expand their social recognition, if Tom Cruise with the Church of Scientology . In the decade of the 60, Transcendental Meditation (TM ), promoted by the guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi achieved worldwide fame through its relationship with members of the counterculture of the 60, especially stars pop and rock as Beach Boys or The Beatles . The latter attended a transcendental meditation course Rishikesh, India wrote during which most of the items White Album 1968. The conversion of the Beatles popularity gave the yogi and his movement, but soon some of the artists, were disappointed. relationship with The Beatles was instrumental in the dissemination of MT among young Westerners.

In 1984, the European Parliament approved a report on the phenomenon of new religious movements or sects. In 1983, British Conservative MEP Richard Cottrell a report with previous work on the dangers of certain sectarian groups. The report Cottrell on cults. For more than a year studying the report and the May 22, 1984 the European Parliament by 98 votes in favor, 28 against and 27 abstentions, to approve. MT was one of the groups involved in this report.

Internal Organization

Guard Torkham border Taliban, Afghanistan . Year 2001

According to Bryan Wilson, most general characteristics of cults are:

• the association is voluntary, but may be induced or encouraged
• a membership that can be assumed some personal requirement established or under consideration by the authorities
• group may be a claim of exclusivity, which sanctioned the expulsion to which contrary to the doctrine, moral precepts or organizational
• group may be a small elite of people who are assigned special knowledge or skills
• desire for personal perfection (whatever way it is conceived)
• real affirmation of the priesthood of all believers
• may rely on lay participation
• possibility that members express their commitment voluntarily
• may show indifference to secular society and state.

Warner

According to Stark, ^sects are groups that are themselves endowed with the structure and organization required to manage the identity of its adherents in terms of a clearly defined set of beliefs or ideologies, but we must also consider the sects have a disagreement with church called majority, ie sects are a counterculture , but maintain a unified system of beliefs and practices relating to sacred things, united in a moral structure called the Church, expressing the sense tending to the "community."

In magical thinking present in religious sects, are taken as valid postulates certain strongly held beliefs in the group, and they construct a "rational" world, following a procedure and pseudo logic. Thus, a person who has not previously screened this branch of ideas or thoughts, to find their most fundamental basis, it may seem at first glance that these thoughts have a scientific order basis and to some extent with formal consistency.

Examples of this may be the science of divination, astrology the the psychoanalysis and a series of pseudo they have accepted, as mentioned above, a magical postulates historical and cultural sense, they do give conclusions, conspiracy theories and arguments much fuller and apparently more meaning and significance for man believer that science itself . It uses the scientific method called to highlight the weakness and arbitrary beliefs based on what supernatural .

Some features that are taken into account to define the sect are

• response to world class
reaction
• beliefs
• usual practices of its members
While

this provides limited because of the sectarian theological classification:

limits the possibilities of comparative studies in various religious traditions, prevents the recognition of important aspects of the nature of sects, the dose derived from the doctrinal description does not take due account of aspects of the organization and dynamics of cults, also is characterized sects in normative terms.

Ken Wilber distinguishes disruptive or even destructive groups than can be be clarifying and even beneficial, using as criteria:

• the maturity
• integration into society
• the type of authority in the group

The new sects

The subject of destructive cults at certain times has achieved such notoriety, for example in the U.S.. UU. during the sixties or Spain during the eighties , in some European languages \u200b\u200b the word cult is used only to refer to religious groups such alienating without using their other meanings.

Among other meanings of the term, also known as students sect groups emerged during the nineties in various religious schools. Generally

sect has a dogmatic view or spiritual , or so they believe makes proselytes. From the hand of economic and technological development has created new sects whose purpose appears to be the personal development. There are few more powerful than others, their methodologies can be notoriously contradictory distacianciandose much of what they promise.

In two-volume work The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1938-1943, Karl Popper used the term "conspiracy theory " to criticize the ideologies driving fascism, Nazism and communism. Poper claimed that totalitarianism was founded on "conspiracy theories" that relied on imaginary plots driven by paranoid scenarios predicated on tribalism , racism or classism . Karl Popper argued that science is written as a set of falsifiable hypothesis, the theories and assertions that do not support any possibility of falsification are considered metaphysical or unscientific. Critics of conspiracy theories sometimes argue that many of them are not falsifiable and so can not be scientific. This accusation is often accurate, and is a necessary consequence of the logical structure ( cognitive bias) of certain kinds of conspiracy theories. These take the form of existential assertions , alleging the existence of any action or object without specifying the place or time which can be observed. The lack of observation of the phenomenon can then always be the result of looking in the wrong place, ie being tricked the conspiracy. This makes impossible any demonstration that the conspiracy does not exist.

religious sects are religious movements can be free and voluntary, with a tendency to exclusivity, they emerge and grow mainly in popular sectors, develop strong community ties and lack of a group of highly specialized staff. They may also be confused with social movements , protest groups against the social order and dominant religious societies.

religious sect is also called religious group that has differentiated and independent of an established religion. Sects have many beliefs and practices in common with the religion that have separated, but are distinguished by a number of doctrinal differences . Any religious group could be considered cult, because it separates an anterior trunk. The Christianity, which in turn is a sect of Judaism , is the largest current generator sects from belief in Jesus there have been thousands of movements, sects and churches throughout the lower world. However, remembering back to Michael Langone, most organizations institutionalized and socially accepted, are regulatory mechanisms that control and restrict the development of small groups sectarian attitudes.

often respond to a profile doctrinal dualistic, apocalyptic and pre-millennial and literary inspiration (Bible, Koran, Mormon etc) fundamentalist. Sects, with more chances of success are generally traditionalists , and even conservative, ultraconservative. His philosophical approach usually tries to return or at least he wishes, his religion of origin to the perceived religious purity. For which they decide to separate the source group, led by a charismatic character of the new group.

In English, the term cult pejorative Equivalent to the English word "sect" in its most common has a high degree of tension with the surrounding society, but their belief is, in the context of that society, new and innovative.

The sociologists anglophones use the word sect ('creed', 'cult' or 'sect' in its meaning less used) to refer to a religious group that also has a high degree of tension with society surroundings, but whose belief is within the context of that society, largely traditional.

Scientology

In the picture, Shiloh. Most of the sectarian groups and their leaders, seek to give a western and cultivated to please.

As a first example we can mention the Scientology, considered a sect in several European countries, although in recent rulings has been allowed to give the character of religion. This organization was founded by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard and has members recognized as Tom Cruise John Travolta and . One way to raise funds is to recruit people who have to pay a high price for the material that is offered as a first point espirutual freedom and happiness.

have emerged from this stream-improvement companies, which though perhaps not as alienating as Scientology, far from being beneficial, and only in a few cases able to help people.

To achieve its mission, such sects use the training ontological (the Greek ontos : 'all' in the sense that it influences every individual's life, including their privacy). Most specialists agree that training (coaching) itself is not bad, is useful for companies and help people (as can be also psychology) while not handle the ideology of the individual. In contrast, the ontological training, which although derived from coaching , often alienating the subject, to make it perform the duties of the company. And mixing a little of everything: training, Gestalt psychology and various metaphysical concepts.

Other movements or recognized such companies, similar to Scientology:

Humanist Movement

The Humanist Movement is listed as a cult in many countries, although its members and people related to this ideology argue that within the Humanist Movement there is full freedom of conscience, requires all members practice "exercises of Self-liberation" and imposed (kindly) ideologizing reading in each of its meetings.

has a political wing that is Humanist Party and its founder is Mendoza Mario Luis Rodríguez Cobos , aka Shiloh.

However, from 2000, has within it a gradual opening and delegation of various currents of thought decentralized, which suggested the move away from Rodriguez Cobos and the delegation of authority and power of the sect in the hands of his subordinates, This was not a facade, since the advertised distance Silo became the announcement of a new religion "New Age" in which Mario Rodriguez (Silo) holds the position of ultimate authority ...

Destructive Cults

A destructive cult is a group of people who follow a particular religious movement or ideological in which they practiced mind control , why, under seemingly harmless can be dangerous, for the harmful effects they have on prospective members. These effects are felt long-term and often border on the outrageous case of a violent nature with dyes, suicidal, homicidal or even genocide.

groups are presented in the form of association, or associations which apparently include cultural, political, religious or even therapy for diseases or social problems. Characterized mainly by using techniques coercive persuasion as a method of social influence, previously used methods of seduction and also have one or several leaders. Very often a pyramidal hierarchy of order. Often used in addition to social disorientation situations as natural disasters of war or terrorism to reaffirm the purpose generally apocalyptic world and its falsehood, often also for profit. In some countries are classified as destructive or dangerous and therefore prohibited, often acting in secrecy.

dangerous when it is defined by their allegiance to the sect, the person develops problems of adaptation social work or family, when in addition restricts the freedom or dependence to it. Some psychologists and experts say more than a third of the minions just abandoning them, even if they have a weak personality and "presectaria" have a high risk of re-entering into another social group or sect dangerous as an addiction.

Compared by some subconscious, with a computer, his understanding of the information is different. It is programmed in one way or another and run blindly, without fail, the program has been given. Know it or not the individual. Using if necessary the delusion and auto . See also Brainwashing and Mind Control .

The program provides a simple way. Strictly speaking, there are several programs that are set in the subject, age or emotional state (fatigue, poor diet without protein, infatuation, etc) that his critical sense is still very poorly developed and readily accepted and naturally all the suggestions from outside. These tips, underpin the program, come at the beginning of the parents, later adding other adults, educators and individuals with whom the child or the person relates, which may be of the same age or even younger and sex, and even in the absence of humans, animals and animal societies. Due to the associative property of human beings.

A single word or experience, may well make a living and raise an obstacle which the individual would not be surpassed for many years. A declaration of love, bad news, congratulations ... transform our inner being in one direction or the next, and most notable is that these words are actually suggestions and autosuggestions not even need to be certain to have a strong impact on someone , while conscious mind to accept them.

A belief is a model created by the mind to satisfy a desire , usually on a real or imaginary, which is unknown or is not acceptable as an alternative or a rational response. In a belief that those individuals will share this desire for good a proposition and act as if it were true, but it is not. Since the unconscious , unlike psyche without understanding the processes by logic is more susceptible to cognitive distortions produced by beliefs and feelings. And even the psyche reasoning, tends to be guided by the cognitive biases .

cognitive bias is called to distortion of information that occurs in our brain to process it. Unlike what is commonly understood by Prejudice: Making decisions without having a personal experience.

Features

The main feature of destructive cults is their ability to implement, using mind control, a gregarious personality in their followers, resulting in the person called atypical dissociative syndrome.

addition

also tend to own:

• authoritarian pyramid Organization: There is no democracy in any of the steps or allow criticism and exile instills critical thinking.
• Existence of a leader, or group of leaders, whose decision is the only one that counts. The leader controls all movements of the limbs, and their money and not subject to the same rules as the fans. But the leader and followers will believe the message or you end up thinking, note that second-level leaders do not usually share the belief and if the profit and power. Isolation
• adherents of the world in general and family relations in particular.
• It handles all incoming information.
• Installs a speech demonizing the "world" while urging followers to lay a boundless confidence in the sect, especially in second-level leaders.

In 1995, the National Assembly headed by Alain Gest , defined 10 criteria to characterize destructive cults:

• mental destabilization character
• exorbitant financial demands its adherents
• induced disruption to the environment or home environment
• physical attacks against
• recruitment of child antisocial
speech disturbances of public order
• importance of lawsuits against sects
• eventual diversion of economic cycles traditional attempts to clash in public authorities

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Blonde On A Long Dong

There are two things I particularly like the master Boris Vian, a revolutionary is his sense of humor, a quality that the teacher went to bury topics and create a new form of tell another that no was a man created himself by dint of hard work. Vian was born into a wealthy family with a considerable income, and with values \u200b\u200bas healthy as atheism and anti-militarism inculcated from birth. This is proof of the falsity of the fact that the man who strives to become something to be achieved and that comes from just being a useless pillows, a belief that tends to glorify the work and the criminalization of laziness. However, Vian used its advantages to become a passionate man, a new renaissance in the French existentialist, a pupil of Alfred Jarry and fellow Sartre. He was born in 1920 and died in 1959, a really short existence (only 39) that the author took advantage to give everything he could to life. To inhale and exhale air art. And in many facets, and that was a singer, poet, writer, composer, engineer, actor, and trumpeter. Just jazz was one of his passions, and devoted much of his life to music and parties, despite trumpeting was negative for a sickly young like him, rheumatic fever aimed at heart disease and . In his articles and interviews for magazines of jazz came to know Miles Davis, Duke Ellington and Charlie Parker .

Vian's career was not free of scandals. Should be so, speaking of a man ahead of his era, a revolutionary who aspired to a more advanced society, far from withered and hard, as stiff and stale. Published several of his noir novels under the pseudonym Vernon Sullivan . His first book, spit On Your Grave , was a critique of racism. Told the story of a black-skinned avenge the death of his brother at the hands of racists. Vian accredited appeared only as a translator of the work. The fame of the book were enormous and thought it was a black American author. When it was learned that a young Frenchman was responsible for such a wild political thriller Incorrect raised a real scandal and was sentenced to Vian and his publisher for "insulting the morals and good customs." Finally, the trial was nothing and Vian was convinced he could live with his writings. This was followed by other gems full of surreal humor and a way to tell anarchic and quarrelsome as Death is the Ugly, Con Las Mujeres No Hay Manera or Autumn in Beijing. Also one of his best works, the great The Foam of Days , or the collection of stories The Wolf Man, a jewel of literature as stimulating to the intellect and delightful to the palate. The waning of its successes tested with other literary arts, he composed an opera, released an album and toured, receiving strong criticism by one of his songs, The Deserter , which encouraged not to perform military service, and urged the president to he did himself. Those were times of colonialism in Algeria and the peace of Vian song was met with strong criticism. In the 50 becomes the company's artistic director Phillips and acting in several movies. Finally, his heart went out, had lived fast, squeezing everything he could to Epicurean and fascinating existence. He had laughed at death and had defied the clichés and good manners. There were immortalized his work before he died, and was waiting for him to Olympus. Hail Boris!

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Maupassant

If Guy de Maupassant had been writing about things "decent" today would be considered one of the geniuses of world literature. But he was determined to become the precursor of the literature of terror, and that made that history would have despised. Maupassant be regarded as the best story teller of the story, as he honed down to its artistic summit. The problem is that achieving that goal cost him his sanity, or maybe it was the opposite and tell him crazy in a way that no mind at the time could imagine. Yes, maybe that was his particular madness door to immortality. Defined by one biographer as black tenant, a writer's personality takes over at its creative peak. Although the traits of insanity appear in almost all the author's work, especially if we consider that the mentally deranged episodes had been occurring since childhood. Contracted a venereal disease from her father was the source of the madness of Guy. His brother also suffered from this disease and end up committing suicide. For Guy, he focused all his energies to the excesses of the dissolute life in Paris pathologically collecting lovers and relieving their migraines ether and morphine base. In his final work, the story The Horla , Maupassant told the story of a man who ended up being owned by its double invisible. A truly frightening story, especially if we know that that was what was happening to Guy, consumed by its black tenant. In recent months the writer is consumed by an obsession with the disease and distrust of everyone you know. After attempting suicide in 1892 died in a mental hospital where he spent 18 months of unconsciousness, and violence. The author eventually consumed by his work, only saved his soul immortality.

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